Conference Proceeding

Author(s): Uzma Noor Shah, Nayana Borah, Jayashree V.H, Siddhi Premjeet, Somiparna Gope

Email(s): ns.uzma@jainuniversity.ac.in

Address: Uzma Noor Shah1*, Nayana Borah1, Jayashree V.H1, Siddhi Premjeet2, Somiparna Gope2
1Department of Biotechnology and Genetics, School of Sciences, Jain Deemed to be University.
2Department of Biotechnology and Genetics, School of Sciences, Jain Deemed to be University.
*Corresponding Author

Published In:   Conference Proceeding, Proceeding of ICONS-2024

Year of Publication:  July, 2025

Online since:  July 11, 2025

DOI: Not Available

ABSTRACT:
Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs) and Transcription Activator-Like Endonucleases (TALENs) are early programmable DNA nucleases that advanced genome engineering. More recently, CRISPR-Cas9 has emerged as a highly popular and efficient genome-editing tool. Discovered by Yoshizumi Ishino during microbial studies, CRISPR-Cas9 quickly gained favor due to its simplicity, precision, and ease of design, surpassing TALENs and ZFNs in widespread use. The system consists of the Cas9 enzyme and guide RNA (gRNA), which together form a complex to target and introduce a DNA break at a specific sequence. CRISPR systems are classified into two main types, Class I and Class II, based on the Cas proteins involved. Class II, which includes types II and V, is most commonly used in biotechnology. The Cas9 protein in Class II has two main lobes: the nuclease (NUC) lobe, which contains critical domains for DNA recognition and cleavage (RuvC, HNH, and PAM interaction), and the recognition (REC) lobe, which binds to the gRNA. A breakthrough by Nobel laureates Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier streamlined the system by combining crRNA and tracrRNA into a single guide RNA (sgRNA), enhancing the precision and efficiency of CRISPR-Cas9. Various delivery methods for CRISPR components include physical (microinjection, electroporation), viral vectors (AAV, lentivirus, adenovirus), and non-viral approaches (lipid nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles). Physical delivery methods remain the most commonly used.


Cite this article:
Uzma Noor Shah, Nayana Borah, Jayashree V.H, Siddhi Premjeet, Somiparna Gope. CRISPR: A Revolution of Genome Editing Technology. Proceeding of ICONS-2024.69-75.


REFERENCES:

1.      Abdullah, A. H. D., Firdiana, B., Nissa, R. C., and Notowiharjo, I. (2021). Effect of K-carrageenan on mechanical, thermal, and biodegradable properties of starch–carboxymethyl cellulose bioplastic. Cell Chemistry and Technology. 55(3-4), 379–389. This paper investigates the potential of carrageenan, derived from seaweed, in enhancing the mechanical and thermal properties of starch-based bioplastics.

2.      Adnan, A., Bhubalan, K., Amirul, A. A., and Ramakrishna, S. (2021). Recent Advances in the Biosynthesis of Polyhydroxyalkanoates from Lignocellulosic Feedstocks. Life, 11(8), 807.

3.      Arcos-Hernández, M. V., et al. (2022). Production and Characterization of Polyhydroxyalkanoates from Wastewater via Mixed Microbial Cultures and Microalgae. Sustainability, 14(6), 3704.

4.      Bhosale, R., et al. (2021). "Extraction of Polysaccharides from Algae for Bioplastic Synthesis." Marine Drugs, 19(6), 312-319.

5.      Kalia, S., et al. (2019). "Extrusion of Algal Bioplastics: Process and Applications." Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 136(49), 47815.

6.      Kumar, S., et al. (2020). "Development of Algal-Based Bioplastics Using Plasticizers." Materials Science and Engineering: C, 112, 110940.

7.      Li, M., et al. (2021). "Compression Molding of Algal-Based Bioplastics." Polymer Degradation and Stability, 181, 109334.

8.      Lomartire, S., Marques, J. C., and Gonçalves, A. M. M. (2022). An Overview of the Alternative Use of Seaweeds to Produce Safe and Sustainable Bio-Packaging. Marine Drugs, 20(3), 160. This paper discusses the role of macroalgae in producing bioplastics, highlighting their use in food and pharmaceutical packaging and their impact on reducing microplastic pollution.

9.      Lomartire, S., Marques, J. C., and Gonçalves, A. M. M. (2022). An Overview of the Alternative Use of Seaweeds to Produce Safe and Sustainable Bio-Packaging. Marine Drugs, 20(3), 160.

10.   Microalgae as Feedstock to Produce Bioplastics

1.      Published in MDPI Biomolecules. DOI: 10.3390/biom8040102.

11.   Mohammed, A., Gaduan, A. N., Chaitram, P. A., and Ward, K. (2022). Sargassum-inspired, optimized calcium alginate bioplastic composites for food packaging. Food Hydrocolloids, 134, 107658. This study focuses on the development of biodegradable alginate composites using invasive Sargassum natans seaweed, presenting it as a viable alternative to conventional plastics.

12.   Production and Characterization of Polyhydroxyalkanoates from Wastewater via Mixed Microbial Cultures and Microalgae

2.      Published in Sustainability, 2022.

13.   Recent Advances in the Biosynthesis of Polyhydroxyalkanoates from Lignocellulosic Feedstocks. Published in Life, 2021.

14.   Sharma, R., et al. (2022). "Alkaline Hydrolysis for the Production of Bioplastics from Algal Biomass." Renewable Energy, 177, 872-880.

15.   Srinivasan, A., and Muthukumar, M. (2021). "Hydrolysis of Polysaccharides for Bioplastics." Carbohydrate Polymers, 246, 116641.

16.   Taurino, R., et al. (2021). Microalgae as Feedstock for the Production of Bioplastics. MDPI Biomolecules, 8(4), 102.

17.   Zhang, H., et al. (2021). "Polysaccharide Extraction from Microalgae and Its Applications in Bioplastics." Bioresource Technology, 305, 123456.

18.   Zhang, Y., et al. (2020). "Cultivation and Harvesting of Microalgae for Bioplastic Production." Journal of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 87(3), 215-222.





Author/Editor Information

Dr. Vani. R

Professor

Dr. Apurva Kumar R. Joshi

Assistant Professor and Program Head